.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "how_to/tune_with_autotvm/tune_relay_mobile_gpu.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note Click :ref:`here ` to download the full example code .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_how_to_tune_with_autotvm_tune_relay_mobile_gpu.py: Auto-tuning a Convolutional Network for Mobile GPU ================================================== **Author**: `Lianmin Zheng `_, `Eddie Yan `_ Auto-tuning for a specific device is critical for getting the best performance. This is a tutorial about how to tune a whole convolutional network. The operator implementation for Mobile GPU in TVM is written in template form. The template has many tunable knobs (tile factor, vectorization, unrolling, etc). We will tune all convolution, depthwise convolution and dense operators in the neural network. After tuning, we produce a log file which stores the best knob values for all required operators. When the TVM compiler compiles these operators, it will query this log file to get the best knob values. We also released pre-tuned parameters for some arm devices. You can go to `Mobile GPU Benchmark `_ to see the results. Note that this tutorial will not run on Windows or recent versions of macOS. To get it to run, you will need to wrap the body of this tutorial in a :code:`if __name__ == "__main__":` block. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 41-43 .. code-block:: default .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 49-68 Install dependencies -------------------- To use the autotvm package in tvm, we need to install some extra dependencies. (change "3" to "2" if you use python2): .. code-block:: bash pip3 install --user psutil xgboost tornado cloudpickle To make TVM run faster during tuning, it is recommended to use cython as FFI of tvm. In the root directory of tvm, execute (change "3" to "2" if you use python2): .. code-block:: bash pip3 install --user cython sudo make cython3 Now return to python code. Import packages. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 68-80 .. code-block:: default import os import numpy as np import tvm from tvm import relay, autotvm import tvm.relay.testing from tvm.autotvm.tuner import XGBTuner, GATuner, RandomTuner, GridSearchTuner from tvm.contrib.utils import tempdir import tvm.contrib.graph_executor as runtime .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 81-86 Define network -------------- First we need to define the network in relay frontend API. We can load some pre-defined network from :code:`relay.testing`. We can also load models from MXNet, ONNX and TensorFlow. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 86-129 .. code-block:: default def get_network(name, batch_size): """Get the symbol definition and random weight of a network""" input_shape = (batch_size, 3, 224, 224) output_shape = (batch_size, 1000) if "resnet" in name: n_layer = int(name.split("-")[1]) mod, params = relay.testing.resnet.get_workload( num_layers=n_layer, batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype ) elif "vgg" in name: n_layer = int(name.split("-")[1]) mod, params = relay.testing.vgg.get_workload( num_layers=n_layer, batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype ) elif name == "mobilenet": mod, params = relay.testing.mobilenet.get_workload(batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype) elif name == "squeezenet_v1.1": mod, params = relay.testing.squeezenet.get_workload( batch_size=batch_size, version="1.1", dtype=dtype ) elif name == "inception_v3": input_shape = (batch_size, 3, 299, 299) mod, params = relay.testing.inception_v3.get_workload(batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype) elif name == "mxnet": # an example for mxnet model from mxnet.gluon.model_zoo.vision import get_model block = get_model("resnet18_v1", pretrained=True) mod, params = relay.frontend.from_mxnet(block, shape={"data": input_shape}, dtype=dtype) net = mod["main"] net = relay.Function( net.params, relay.nn.softmax(net.body), None, net.type_params, net.attrs ) mod = tvm.IRModule.from_expr(net) else: raise ValueError("Unsupported network: " + name) return mod, params, input_shape, output_shape .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 130-131 .. _tutorials-autotvm-start-rpc-tracker: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 133-157 Start RPC Tracker ----------------- TVM uses RPC session to communicate with ARM boards. During tuning, the tuner will send the generated code to the board and measure the speed of code on the board. To scale up the tuning, TVM uses RPC Tracker to manage distributed devices. The RPC Tracker is a centralized controller node. We can register all devices to the tracker. For example, if we have 10 phones, we can register all of them to the tracker, and run 10 measurements in parallel, accelerating the tuning process. To start an RPC tracker, run this command on the host machine. The tracker is required during the whole tuning process, so we need to open a new terminal for this command: .. code-block:: bash python -m tvm.exec.rpc_tracker --host=0.0.0.0 --port=9190 The expected output is .. code-block:: bash INFO:RPCTracker:bind to 0.0.0.0:9190 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 159-201 Register Devices to RPC Tracker ----------------------------------- Now we can register our devices to the tracker. The first step is to build the TVM runtime for the ARM devices. * For Linux: Follow this section :ref:`build-tvm-runtime-on-device` to build the TVM runtime on the device. Then register the device to tracker by .. code-block:: bash python -m tvm.exec.rpc_server --tracker=[HOST_IP]:9190 --key=rk3399 (replace :code:`[HOST_IP]` with the IP address of your host machine) * For Android: Follow this `readme page `_ to install TVM RPC APK on the android device. Make sure you can pass the android RPC test. Then you have already registered your device. During tuning, you have to go to developer option and enable "Keep screen awake during changing" and charge your phone to make it stable. After registering devices, we can confirm it by querying rpc_tracker .. code-block:: bash python -m tvm.exec.query_rpc_tracker --host=0.0.0.0 --port=9190 For example, if we have 2 Huawei mate10 pro, 11 Raspberry Pi 3B and 2 rk3399, the output can be .. code-block:: bash Queue Status ---------------------------------- key total free pending ---------------------------------- mate10pro 2 2 0 rk3399 2 2 0 rpi3b 11 11 0 ---------------------------------- You can register multiple devices to the tracker to accelerate the measurement in tuning. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 203-208 Set Tuning Options ------------------ Before tuning, we should apply some configurations. Here I use an RK3399 board as example. In your setting, you should modify the target and device_key accordingly. set :code:`use_android` to True if you use android phone. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 208-242 .. code-block:: default #### DEVICE CONFIG #### # Replace "aarch64-linux-gnu" with the correct target of your board. # This target host is used for cross compilation. You can query it by :code:`gcc -v` on your device. target = tvm.target.Target("opencl -device=mali", host="llvm -mtriple=aarch64-linux-gnu") # Also replace this with the device key in your tracker device_key = "rk3399" # Set this to True if you use android phone use_android = False #### TUNING OPTION #### network = "resnet-18" log_file = "%s.%s.log" % (device_key, network) dtype = "float32" tuning_option = { "log_filename": log_file, "tuner": "xgb", "n_trial": 1000, "early_stopping": 450, "measure_option": autotvm.measure_option( builder=autotvm.LocalBuilder(build_func="ndk" if use_android else "default"), runner=autotvm.RPCRunner( device_key, host="127.0.0.1", port=9190, number=10, timeout=5, ), ), } .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 243-251 .. note:: How to set tuning options In general, the default values provided here work well. If you have enough time budget, you can set :code:`n_trial`, :code:`early_stopping` larger, which makes the tuning run longer. If your device runs very slow or your conv2d operators have many GFLOPs, considering to set timeout larger. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 254-260 Begin Tuning ------------ Now we can extract tuning tasks from the network and begin tuning. Here, we provide a simple utility function to tune a list of tasks. This function is just an initial implementation which tunes them in sequential order. We will introduce a more sophisticated tuning scheduler in the future. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 260-312 .. code-block:: default # You can skip the implementation of this function for this tutorial. def tune_tasks( tasks, measure_option, tuner="xgb", n_trial=1000, early_stopping=None, log_filename="tuning.log", use_transfer_learning=True, ): # create tmp log file tmp_log_file = log_filename + ".tmp" if os.path.exists(tmp_log_file): os.remove(tmp_log_file) for i, tsk in enumerate(reversed(tasks)): prefix = "[Task %2d/%2d] " % (i + 1, len(tasks)) # create tuner if tuner == "xgb" or tuner == "xgb-rank": tuner_obj = XGBTuner(tsk, loss_type="rank") elif tuner == "ga": tuner_obj = GATuner(tsk, pop_size=50) elif tuner == "random": tuner_obj = RandomTuner(tsk) elif tuner == "gridsearch": tuner_obj = GridSearchTuner(tsk) else: raise ValueError("Invalid tuner: " + tuner) if use_transfer_learning: if os.path.isfile(tmp_log_file): tuner_obj.load_history(autotvm.record.load_from_file(tmp_log_file)) # do tuning tsk_trial = min(n_trial, len(tsk.config_space)) tuner_obj.tune( n_trial=tsk_trial, early_stopping=early_stopping, measure_option=measure_option, callbacks=[ autotvm.callback.progress_bar(tsk_trial, prefix=prefix), autotvm.callback.log_to_file(tmp_log_file), ], ) # pick best records to a cache file autotvm.record.pick_best(tmp_log_file, log_filename) os.remove(tmp_log_file) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 313-314 Finally, we launch tuning jobs and evaluate the end-to-end performance. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 314-369 .. code-block:: default def tune_and_evaluate(tuning_opt): # extract workloads from relay program print("Extract tasks...") mod, params, input_shape, _ = get_network(network, batch_size=1) tasks = autotvm.task.extract_from_program( mod["main"], target=target, params=params, ops=(relay.op.get("nn.conv2d"),), ) # run tuning tasks print("Tuning...") tune_tasks(tasks, **tuning_opt) # compile kernels with history best records with autotvm.apply_history_best(log_file): print("Compile...") with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3): lib = relay.build_module.build(mod, target=target, params=params) # export library tmp = tempdir() if use_android: from tvm.contrib import ndk filename = "net.so" lib.export_library(tmp.relpath(filename), ndk.create_shared) else: filename = "net.tar" lib.export_library(tmp.relpath(filename)) # upload module to device print("Upload...") remote = autotvm.measure.request_remote(device_key, "127.0.0.1", 9190, timeout=10000) remote.upload(tmp.relpath(filename)) rlib = remote.load_module(filename) # upload parameters to device dev = remote.device(str(target), 0) module = runtime.GraphModule(rlib["default"](dev)) data_tvm = tvm.nd.array((np.random.uniform(size=input_shape)).astype(dtype)) module.set_input("data", data_tvm) # evaluate print("Evaluate inference time cost...") print(module.benchmark(dev, number=1, repeat=30)) # We do not run the tuning in our webpage server since it takes too long. # Uncomment the following line to run it by yourself. # tune_and_evaluate(tuning_option) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 370-402 Sample Output ------------- The tuning needs to compile many programs and extract feature from them. So a high performance CPU is recommended. One sample output is listed below. It takes about 3 hours on a 32T AMD Ryzen Threadripper. .. code-block:: bash Extract tasks... Tuning... [Task 1/17] Current/Best: 25.30/ 39.12 GFLOPS | Progress: (992/1000) | 751.22 s Done. [Task 2/17] Current/Best: 40.70/ 45.50 GFLOPS | Progress: (736/1000) | 545.46 s Done. [Task 3/17] Current/Best: 38.83/ 42.35 GFLOPS | Progress: (992/1000) | 1549.85 s Done. [Task 4/17] Current/Best: 23.31/ 31.02 GFLOPS | Progress: (640/1000) | 1059.31 s Done. [Task 5/17] Current/Best: 0.06/ 2.34 GFLOPS | Progress: (544/1000) | 305.45 s Done. [Task 6/17] Current/Best: 10.97/ 17.20 GFLOPS | Progress: (992/1000) | 1050.00 s Done. [Task 7/17] Current/Best: 8.98/ 10.94 GFLOPS | Progress: (928/1000) | 421.36 s Done. [Task 8/17] Current/Best: 4.48/ 14.86 GFLOPS | Progress: (704/1000) | 582.60 s Done. [Task 9/17] Current/Best: 10.30/ 25.99 GFLOPS | Progress: (864/1000) | 899.85 s Done. [Task 10/17] Current/Best: 11.73/ 12.52 GFLOPS | Progress: (608/1000) | 304.85 s Done. [Task 11/17] Current/Best: 15.26/ 18.68 GFLOPS | Progress: (800/1000) | 747.52 s Done. [Task 12/17] Current/Best: 17.48/ 26.71 GFLOPS | Progress: (1000/1000) | 1166.40 s Done. [Task 13/17] Current/Best: 0.96/ 11.43 GFLOPS | Progress: (960/1000) | 611.65 s Done. [Task 14/17] Current/Best: 17.88/ 20.22 GFLOPS | Progress: (672/1000) | 670.29 s Done. [Task 15/17] Current/Best: 11.62/ 13.98 GFLOPS | Progress: (736/1000) | 449.25 s Done. [Task 16/17] Current/Best: 19.90/ 23.83 GFLOPS | Progress: (608/1000) | 708.64 s Done. [Task 17/17] Current/Best: 17.98/ 22.75 GFLOPS | Progress: (736/1000) | 1122.60 s Done. Compile... Upload... Evaluate inference time cost... Mean inference time (std dev): 128.05 ms (7.74 ms) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 404-420 .. note:: **Experiencing Difficulties?** The auto tuning module is error-prone. If you always see " 0.00/ 0.00 GFLOPS", then there must be something wrong. First, make sure you set the correct configuration of your device. Then, you can print debug information by adding these lines in the beginning of the script. It will print every measurement result, where you can find useful error messages. .. code-block:: python import logging logging.getLogger('autotvm').setLevel(logging.DEBUG) Finally, always feel free to ask our community for help on https://discuss.tvm.apache.org .. _sphx_glr_download_how_to_tune_with_autotvm_tune_relay_mobile_gpu.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: tune_relay_mobile_gpu.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: tune_relay_mobile_gpu.ipynb ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_